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Which payment solution will truly tilt the balance between control and convenience at your firm? This guide helps leaders weigh options in 2026 and choose with confidence.

Small and large firms now juggle traditional bank credit cards and nimble fintech alternatives. Comparing them matters because fees, foreign currency costs and reward structures can change a budget quickly.

Think of this page as a product roundup and comparison guide. We look at annual fees, foreign-exchange charges, rewards (cashback, points, miles), credit limits and expense-management features. You will also find practical notes on issuing employee cards and using virtual options.

This guide is structured to help you shortlist: clear definitions, a checklist of must-have features, head-to-head comparisons, best-by-use-case picks and rollout advice. Remember that the best corporate choice hinges on spend profile — travel-heavy firms have different needs to those with local operations or online ad budgets.

Do verify current fees and perks with issuers. This page is informational and not financial advice; always check details or consult a licensed professional before applying.

Key Takeaways

  • Compare annual fees, FX rates and rewards to match your spend profile.
  • Include expense management and virtual options when shortlisting.
  • The top pick depends on whether you prioritise travel, local spend or cross-border suppliers.
  • Treat payment tools as part of a spending policy, not just a rewards programme.
  • Confirm terms with issuers; features and fees can change.

Why corporate cards matter for Singapore businesses in 2026

Today’s finance teams need payment solutions that simplify receipts and speed reconciliation.

Faster, cleaner expense tracking

Manual claims drain time and hide missing receipts. Reimbursement processes delay month-end and raise admin costs. A corporate cards setup removes many claim steps by capturing receipts at source and matching transactions automatically.

Cash flow advantages

Using a business credit card can defer payment up to roughly 45 days with no interest. That extra float helps bridge receivable gaps without taking short-term loans. This ease is vital for firms with recurring SaaS bills, regional travel and cross-border suppliers.

Real-time visibility and tighter control

Modern platforms show instant transactions, allow receipt upload and set adjustable employee limits. Administrators can freeze a card, set category blocks and receive alerts to prevent leakage.

Benefit Operational impact Why it matters
Admin reduction Fewer manual claims; faster close Lower finance headcount time
Improved cash flow Interest‑free days on balances Bridges receivables without loans
Governance Audit trails and policy enforcement Fewer disputes and cleaner reports

Conclusion: These tools complement accounting systems and lift visibility over company spending while keeping controls tight.

Corporate cards vs business credit card vs debit: what’s the difference?

Choosing the right payment instrument affects cash flow, control and day-to-day reconciliation.

Liability split: company vs individual

Liability changes behaviour.

A company-issued business card is typically set up so the firm pays the bill and can centrally track expenses.

By contrast, individual liability means the employee must settle balances and claim reimbursement, which can slow closing and affect morale.

Credit vs debit and issuer differences

A business credit card often suits SMEs and may rely on director underwriting and personal credit during approval. Corporate credit card programmes weigh company profile more heavily.

The debit model uses a prefunded balance. It avoids interest and many penalties but needs cash loaded before spending.

Banks tend to offer traditional credit features. Fintech providers focus on dashboards, virtual cards and multi-currency wallets that simplify reconciliation and issuing.

Virtual cards for subscriptions and ads

Virtual cards are ideal for SaaS and digital advertising. They allow fast issuance, tight spend controls and instant cancellation if a vendor is compromised.

Type Repayment Best use
Corporate liability Company pays Central control and reporting
Individual liability Employee pays Small teams or occasional travel
Prefunded debit From wallet balance No interest; FX transparency
Virtual card Linked to account SaaS, Google Ads, Meta and single-use vendors

Key features to compare before choosing a card

A clear comparison of benefits and costs keeps business spending predictable and auditable.

Annual fees and true cost of ownership

Annual fee ranges typically run S$0–S$500. Add the annual fees for extra employee cards to compute total cost.

Check whether waivers apply by spend tier or limited promotions.

Foreign currency and FX costs

Break costs into issuer foreign transaction fee, FX markup/spread and dynamic currency conversion risks.

Bank cards often levy ~3–3.25% transaction fee. Some fintech options advertise no foreign transaction fee and transparent FX.

Rewards, limits and repayment

Compare cashback, cash rebate and points/miles per dollar. Point valuations vary and change ROI by category.

Credit limits affect high-value procurement and travel. Watch interest rates (around 24–28% p.a.) if balances revolve and note statement cycles.

Expense tooling and travel protections

Expect receipt capture, real-time controls, merchant blocks and accounting integrations from modern management tools.

Travel benefits such as lounge access, travel accident cover and employee misuse insurance can matter if flights and client travel are frequent.

Feature What to check Why it matters Watch-outs
Fees Headline annual fee + employee card fees Drives recurring cost Waiver fine print
FX Transaction fee + FX spread Impacts overseas spend Dynamic currency conversion
Rewards Type and effective value Alters net benefit Expiry and caps
Controls Receipt upload, limits, integrations Speeds reconciliation API or export limits

Head-to-head comparison of popular corporate card options in Singapore

Picking the right payment product starts with weighing annual charges and foreign‑exchange hits against real rewards.

Comparison framework: rank by direct costs (annual fee + FX), then rewards, then controls and tooling. This order helps you estimate true net value against your spend lines such as travel, ads, SaaS and procurement.

Bank-issued business credit cards: typical fees and FX charges

Bank options usually charge S$150–S$400+ in annual fees and FX fees near 3%–3.25%.

Data (as of 16 Dec 2024): Citi S$150 (FX up to 3.25%), Maybank S$196.20 (first two years waived, FX up to 3.25%), UOB S$183.36 (FX 3%), DBS S$196.20 (first year waived, FX 3.25%).

Fintech and non-bank alternatives: no annual fee and low-FX positioning

Fintechs often remove annual fees and promote multi‑currency wallets. Examples: Wise Business Card (no annual fee, 40+ currencies, no foreign transaction fee claim), YouBiz (no fee, no FX fee, 1% cashback), Aspire (no fee, 1% cashback on ads & SaaS).

How to read comparison metrics for your business needs

Translate points and cashback into an annualised value and compare it to fees plus FX cost. Watch cash advance fees, cashback caps and points per dollar — they change real net savings.

Issuer / Product Annual fee FX fee Notable rewards
Citi Business Card S$150 Up to 3.25% Points programme
Maybank Business Platinum S$196.20 (2 years waived) Up to 3.25% TREATS points
UOB World Signature Business S$183.36 3% Points or rebates
DBS Visa Platinum Business S$196.20 (1 year waived) 3.25% Travel benefits
Wise / YouBiz / Aspire No annual fee No foreign transaction fee (check FX spreads) Multi‑currency, cashback on ads & SaaS

Why “best corporate credit” is not universal: travel‑heavy firms may accept higher fees for lounges and insurance. Importers or digital advertisers often favour low‑FX solutions and cashback on ad spend.

Governance note: include issuance speed, admin controls, and ease of cancellation when comparing. Map each product to actual spend categories before choosing best.

Best corporate cards for singapore companies by use case

This shortlist maps the best payment options to common business spending patterns, so teams can jump to the most relevant pick.

Best for frequent business trips and airport lounge access

Why choose: Prioritise lounge access, travel insurance and strong overseas acceptance. DBS World Business and DBS Visa Platinum Business Card deliver travel benefits and employee misuse cover that protect teams on the move.

Best for predictable rebates and everyday business spending

Why choose: Look for simple rebate bands that mirror routine purchases. OCBC’s tiered rebate structure rewards eco merchants and common SGD spend without complex tier chasing.

Best for overseas suppliers and multi‑currency operations

Why choose: When margins are tight, low FX spreads and multi‑currency wallets reduce cost leakage. Wise, Airwallex and YouBiz support 40+ balances and transparent FX to help procurement teams pay suppliers in native currencies.

Best for digital‑first expense management and virtual employee cards

Why choose: Fast virtual issuance, per‑merchant limits and receipt capture cut reconciliation time. Aspire and YouBiz excel at ad and SaaS spend controls and scale issuance of employee cards with minimal admin.

Match the product to your top three expense categories in the past 90 days. Document who receives physical and virtual cards, set allowed categories and outline exception approvals before rollout.

Use case Top picks Key advantage
Frequent travel DBS World / DBS Visa Platinum Business Card Lounge access, travel cover, strong acceptance
Everyday rebates OCBC Business Credit Card Simple cashback rates on common spend
Multi‑currency suppliers Wise / Airwallex / YouBiz Low FX spread, 40+ currency wallets
Digital expense management Aspire / YouBiz Virtual employee cards, per‑merchant limits, receipts

Best for travel perks: DBS World Business Card and DBS Visa Platinum Business Card

Frequent regional travel and client visits make travel perks a high-value line item for many finance teams. Both DBS travel-oriented products target firms that need higher limits, lounge access and embedded protections while staff are on the move.

Airport lounge access and travel insurance benefits

DBS World Business sits at the premium tier and typically includes Priority Pass lounge access. Premium tier implies a higher annual fee (around S$410) and larger credit limits, which suits heavier travel calendars.

DBS Visa Platinum Business carries a lower annual fee (S$196.20, first year waived) and offers complimentary travel accident insurance when travel is charged to the product. These travel benefits reduce the need to buy single-trip policies.

Employee misuse coverage and spending controls for teams

Employee misuse insurance provides an extra layer of protection when multiple staff transact on behalf of the firm. It helps absorb losses from unauthorised use and simplifies recovery discussions with the issuer.

Spend governance features—per-card limits, category blocks and approval workflows—let finance teams enforce policy and cut exceptions. This tightens audits and reduces reconciliation time on high-volume business spending.

“Use the right mix of perks and protections to justify any fee premium; the net value depends on travel frequency and disciplined repayment.”

Practical cost note: the DBS Visa Platinum Business applies a 3.25% foreign transaction fee, so overseas-heavy spenders should weigh FX impact against perks. And remember: credit instruments can improve cash flow by offering interest-free days, but that advantage only holds when statements are paid in full and on time.

Best for airline miles: American Express Singapore Airlines Business Credit Card

If most travel spend is charged centrally, the American Express Singapore Airlines Business Credit Card is the miles specialist to consider.

Positioning: This product is aimed at firms that can concentrate flight, hotel and allied travel spend to maximise airline rewards. The card carries an annual fee of S$400.00 (including 9% GST) and is best when travel is a primary expense line.

HighFlyer vs KrisFlyer and how miles add up

The card earns HighFlyer points (up to 8 pts per S$1) which convert into KrisFlyer rewards and travel perks. HighFlyer acts as the earning currency; KrisFlyer is the airline redemption scheme that grants seats and upgrades.

Per dollar spent matters: consistent routing of flights, hotels and travel bookings to this product produces higher mile accrual than sporadic use. That makes it superior to flat cashback when travel dominates spend.

What to model before applying

Miles value depends on redemption patterns, seat availability and premium-cabin choices. Estimate conservative per-mile value and model a break-even spend given the S$400 fee.

  • Specialist pick when airline rewards trump FX savings.
  • Useful if your travel policy centralises bookings and enforces routing.
  • Don’t let miles incentives override procurement rules and budget discipline.

“Choose this product when airline rewards are your primary objective; otherwise, low-FX or cashback options may yield steadier savings.”

Best for eco-merchant rebates: OCBC Business Credit Card

For SMEs that want simple returns on everyday spend, OCBC presents a straightforward rebate structure.

Headline rebate tiers: up to 3% at selected eco merchants, 1% on foreign transactions and 0.2% on SGD local spend. Verify eligible merchant lists with OCBC before routing payments.

When these tiers make sense

This setup suits firms with steady local operating patterns and occasional overseas trips. Use the product to concentrate routine business expenses that match the eco merchant list and capture predictable returns.

How to operationalise the rebate strategy

Route eligible spend to this credit card and keep high-volume overseas supplier bills on a low‑FX alternative. Map spend categories in accounting so rebates reconcile automatically and do not distort monthly reporting.

Commercial trade-off: cashback is easier to account for than points, but FX costs can erase the upside if foreign spend is heavy.

“Make clear policy on which merchants qualify and how receipts must be submitted to avoid off‑policy purchases.”

Who it suits: finance teams wanting transparency, steady returns and a mainstream bank relationship aligned to sustainability goals.

Best all-round points earning: Citi Business Card and Citi Corporate Card

Citi’s reward ecosystem blends flexible points with solid insurance cover, making it a dependable pick for many finance teams.

Why it ranks as an all‑rounder: The Business Card earns 2 Citi Points per dollar and carries a S$150 annual fee. The corporate credit card also charges about S$150 per card and offers ThankYou Points or up to 0.5% cashback with embedded travel and liability insurance.

The points work across cashback, vouchers and airline miles conversions, which suits mixed spend profiles. That flexibility helps teams extract value whether travel, software or local purchases dominate spend.

Key watch‑outs

Foreign transactions incur up to a 3.25% fee, which can erase rewards on overseas supplier bills. Factor FX into net return calculations before routing high-value payments to this product.

Cash advances trigger steep charges (S$15 or 6% minimum) and interest from day one. Keep ATM withdrawals near zero to avoid costly financing.

Practical control notes

Higher credit limits help procurement and travel, but they require tight approval workflows and weekly reconciliation to prevent surprises.

  • Use virtual or restricted payment flows for card‑not‑present spend.
  • Keep cash withdrawals to an absolute minimum.
  • Align limits with your expense management rules and audit cadence.

“Points plus protection, without a premium-tier fee, makes Citi a strong contender for the best corporate credit pick when mixed spend and control matter.”

Best for flexible rewards: UOB Business Platinum and UOB World Signature Business Card

For teams that want choice between points, miles or statement offsets, UOB’s lineup delivers practical options.

The UOB Business Platinum (UNI$) option suits mixed spend by converting points into miles or vouchers. It gives flexibility when monthly categories change.

The UOB World Signature business product offers a steady cash rebate (0.3%) and complimentary insurance. Its appeal is predictability for routine operational spend.

Fees and foreign exchange lens

Watch the transaction fee and foreign exchange costs: the World Signature charges about 3% on FX. High overseas spend can erase reward gains.

Cash advances carry heavy costs (S$15 or 8% higher). Treat ATM withdrawals as exceptions and require manager approval.

Practical routing and governance

Keep local operational spend on the best-value UOB option. Route FX-heavy supplier bills to multi‑currency fintech alternatives.

  • Redeem UNI$ centrally to avoid disputes over rewards.
  • Choose based on top merchant categories and expected FX share.
Product Primary reward Annual fee (indicative) FX / transaction fee
UOB Business Platinum UNI$ points (convertible) Varies by product Compare FX before routing
UOB World Signature 0.3% cash rebate S$183.36 3% on foreign exchange

“Flexible rewards work best when central policy assigns redemptions and routes high-FX spend elsewhere.”

Best for rewards with fee waivers: Maybank Business Platinum Mastercard

Maybank Business Platinum Mastercard pairs steady TREATS point accrual with an intro waiver that lowers upfront cost. The product waives the S$196.20 annual fee for the first two years, making it attractive to firms that want rewards without immediate overhead.

TREATS points earning and redemption options

The card earns 1 TREATS point per S$1 spent. Points convert to mall and dining vouchers, can be converted to air miles and may be redeemed as a partial statement offset (up to S$50 in some cases).

Practical note: frequent redemptions give real value; dormant points often suffer breakage.

Eligibility and annual turnover considerations

Maybank typically asks that the firm has been operating for around two years with an annual turnover near S$200,000 or more. Newer or lower‑turnover businesses may need alternate products.

  • Fee checklist: S$196.20 annual fee (two years waived), FX up to 3.25%, cash advance fee S$15 or 8% (whichever higher).
  • Fit: best for SMEs with steady card volume that will actively redeem TREATS.
  • Decision model: estimate eligible annual spend × 1pt/S$1, assign conservative point value, then subtract expected FX and leftover fees to find net benefit.
  • Policy control: centralise points ownership and define redemption rules (travel budget, staff perks or statement offsets).

“Use the waiver period to test redemption patterns; that will reveal if points truly offset costs once the annual fee resumes.”

Best premium corporate option: UOB Regal Business Metal Card

For firms that prioritise executive travel and high-value client hosting, a premium metal product signals status and superior service.

The UOB Regal Business Metal Card is invite-only and aimed at senior decision-makers. Eligibility examples include a minimum S$150,000 income p.a., S$5m annual sales or S$500,000 paid-up capital. These thresholds reflect the issuer’s focus on high-value relationships.

When it makes sense

Use it for executive travel, client hosting and heavy monthly company spending where perks and service pay off. The product can earn up to 2% cash rebate on local and overseas spend per month. Verify exact caps with UOB before committing.

Governance and rollout

  • Premium status increases discretionary risk; tighten approvals and reporting.
  • Limit issuance to the C-suite and regional leads.
  • Keep operational staff on lower-cost options to protect budgets.
Feature Notes When to pick
Invite-only Higher eligibility; premium servicing Established revenue and banking ties
Rewards Up to 2% cash rebate (verify caps) High monthly spend mix
Risk control Requires strict policy and limits Keep small issuance pool

“Choose this premium option when a strong relationship with your card company is core to treasury strategy.”

Top fintech alternatives to traditional corporate credit cards

Modern payment platforms prioritise multi‑currency wallets and instant virtual cards over legacy processes.

Wise Business Card

Wise offers no annual fee and mid‑market rates while letting businesses hold and convert 40+ currencies. It reduces foreign currency friction when paying overseas suppliers and shows exchange rates in‑app.

YouBiz

YouBiz positions itself with no annual fee, a visible exchange rate and a simple 1% cashback. It is useful for teams that want predictable rewards and minimal fee complexity.

Aspire Corporate Card

Aspire corporate targets digital‑first spend with 1% cashback on advertising and SaaS and built‑in expense management tools. Virtual issuance per vendor helps control subscription creep.

Airwallex Business Card

Airwallex supports multi‑currency wallets and low foreign exchange costs, which suits regional procurement and cross‑border business spending.

Safeguarding and selection notes

Most non‑bank providers safeguard funds in segregated partner accounts but are not covered by SDIC. Treasury teams should assess counterparty risk and liquidity controls before placing large balances.

“Pick a fintech based on whether you need FX control, virtual issuance, SaaS/ads optimisation or multi‑currency treasury management.”

How to apply and set up corporate cards for your team in Singapore

Start preparation early to keep approval within the typical 1–3 week window.

Common eligibility

Most issuers expect an ACRA-registered entity, roughly S$100,000–S$200,000 annual turnover and about one year of trading. Criteria vary by product tier, so verify each provider’s thresholds.

Documents checklist

Prepare: ACRA business profile, latest financial statements, director and nominee IDs (NRIC/passport), recent tax returns and bank statements. Having these ready speeds credit assessment and reduces follow-up queries.

Issuing employee cards and controls

Decide who receives physical and virtual cards and map credit limits to roles. Use merchant/category blocks, per-user limits and instant freeze/cancel features from management tools.

Rollout and accounting

Define receipt rules, acceptable formats and submission deadlines. Integrate live card feeds with your ledger, set GL mappings and reconcile weekly to ease month‑end.

  • Set approval workflows for travel, entertainment and high-value procurement.
  • Track annual fees and extra charges centrally to avoid creeping programme costs.

“Match product choice to your business needs, and enforce limits and receipts from day one.”

For full terms and operational detail, review the provider’s terms and conditions.

Conclusion

Start with what matters most: control, cash flow timing and where each dollar spent goes.

Match business credit needs to your top spend categories, then use rewards as a secondary filter. Consider a two‑card approach: one to maximise travel perks and one to limit FX costs on overseas suppliers and digital subscriptions.

Model net value per credit card by subtracting annual fees, FX and operational friction from realistic rewards. Governance wins: clear policy, staff training and weekly reconciliation deliver better results than generous perks alone.

Shortlist 2–3 card options, check eligibility and pricing, then pilot with a small team. And verify issuer terms or seek advice if the programme affects financing or risk management. See a practical resource on the best corporate credit.

FAQ

What is the difference between a corporate card, a business credit card and a debit card?

A business credit card provides a revolving credit line and interest-free days, useful for managing cash flow. A debit card draws funds directly from a company bank account. A corporate card often refers to cards issued to businesses with features for employee spend control, higher credit limits and expense management tools. Choose based on liability model, cash flow needs and reconciliation workflows.

How do liability models differ between corporate liability cards and individually liable cards?

With a corporate liability card the employer is responsible for all balances; the company pays the bill. With individual liability cards the cardholder is personally liable and may seek reimbursement. Corporate liability suits centralised billing and tighter control, while individual liability can be simpler for small teams.

What key fees should I compare before selecting a card?

Compare annual fee, fees for additional employee cards, foreign transaction fee and cash advance charges. Also check FX margins on foreign currency spend, late payment interest rates and any platform or integration costs for expense management tools.

How do rewards work — cashback, points and miles — and which is best?

Cashback and cash rebate return a percentage of spend as statement credits; points and miles accumulate and can be redeemed for travel, vouchers or statement credits. Best option depends on your spend mix: cashback favours predictable everyday expenses; miles suit frequent flyers; points are flexible for mixed needs.

Are virtual cards useful for SaaS and advertising spend?

Yes. Virtual cards let you issue one-time or controlled virtual numbers for subscriptions and ad platforms. They reduce card detail exposure, help enforce budgets and make reconciliation simpler by tagging virtual spend to projects or teams.

What expense management tools should I look for?

Seek receipt capture, real-time spend controls, employee card limits, automated coding and integrations with your accounting software. These features reduce manual reconciliation and improve visibility across company spending.

How can employee cards be issued and controlled?

Issuing typically involves setting individual limits, restrictable merchant categories and approval workflows. Look for features to freeze cards instantly, set virtual numbers and receive alerts on unusual transactions to limit misuse.

Which cards offer the best travel perks like lounge access and insurance?

Premium bank-issued business credit cards, such as those from DBS, UOB or American Express, often include airport lounge access and travel accident cover. Confirm lounge networks, travel insurance limits and whether benefits extend to authorised cardholders.

How do foreign exchange and FX fees affect overseas purchases?

Many cards charge a foreign transaction fee or apply an FX margin on top of the interbank rate. Fintech providers and multi-currency cards often offer lower FX costs. For significant overseas spend, a low-FX option can deliver substantial savings.

What should I consider when comparing bank-issued cards and fintech alternatives?

Compare fees, FX rates, integration with accounting tools, regulatory protection and customer support. Banks may offer richer travel benefits and deposit insurance; fintechs often provide lower fees, transparent FX and better digital controls.

Are non-bank providers covered by Singapore’s SDIC or other safeguards?

Deposit protection like the Singapore Deposit Insurance Corporation (SDIC) applies to bank deposits, not to funds held by non-bank fintechs. Verify safeguarding practices, regulatory licences and whether client funds are held in trust or ring-fenced accounts.

What eligibility and documents are commonly required to apply?

Typical requirements include an ACRA business profile, company constitution, recent financial statements, proof of directors’ identities and tax filings. Issuers may also require minimum turnover or operating history depending on the product.

How do credit limits and repayment terms impact cash flow?

Higher credit limits extend working capital and allow payroll or supplier timing flexibility. Interest-free days improve short-term cash flow but missed payments incur interest and fees. Choose limits and terms that align with your payment cycles and forecasts.

Can I earn and redeem Maybank TREATS or other loyalty points on business spend?

Yes, certain business cards from banks such as Maybank let companies earn reward points like TREATS on qualifying spend. Check earning categories, redemption options and whether points apply to employee card transactions.

What are common watch-outs when using cards for business expenses?

Watch for cash advance fees, high FX spreads, unanticipated annual fees for additional cards, and limits on reward earnings. Also guard against weak expense controls that can lead to unauthorised spending and reconciliation headaches.

How do I choose the best option for a company that spends heavily overseas?

Prioritise low-FX fees, multi-currency accounts, generous foreign-transaction policies and solid fraud protection. Consider fintech cards like Wise or Airwallex alongside bank products to balance FX savings with regulatory coverage.

What is the benefit of metal or invite-only premium cards?

Premium metal cards, such as those offered by some issuers, often include enhanced travel benefits, concierge services and higher prestige. They suit executive travel and client hosting but usually carry higher annual fees and stricter eligibility criteria.

How does automated reconciliation work with business cards?

Cards that integrate with accounting software can push transaction data, attach receipts and auto-match entries to invoices. This reduces manual posting, speeds month-end close and improves accuracy for tax and VAT reporting.

Should small businesses choose individual liability cards or company-liable cards?

Small businesses with tight budgets may prefer individual liability to reduce corporate credit obligations. However, company-liable cards centralise control, simplify bookkeeping and scale better as the team grows.

Are there cards that reward eco-friendly or sustainable merchant spend?

Some issuers and programmes offer higher rebate rates or bonus points for eco-merchant categories. Review merchant category definitions and whether these rewards apply to overseas or multi-currency transactions.

How easy is it to switch card providers if my business needs change?

Switching involves migrating recurring payments, updating vendor details and porting employee cards where possible. Plan overlap between providers, ensure data export from expense systems and notify suppliers to minimise disruption.